We use can, could and be able to to talk about ability: what someone can do now or could do in the past. Can and could are short and common, but they only have two forms, so for other tenses we need be able to. The table shows which form to use when. Then practise below. Each answer comes with a short explanation.
| Time | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Present | can / can’t · am able to | I can swim. She can’t drive. |
| Past (general) | could / couldn’t | I could read when I was four. |
| Past (one success) | was able to / managed to | Everyone was able to escape. |
| Future | will be able to | I’ll be able to help you tomorrow. |
| Present perfect | have been able to | I haven’t been able to contact him. |
| After other verbs / modals | to be able to · being able to · be able to | I’d love to be able to sing. You must be able to drive. |
Can, could, be able to exercises
Four sets of 20 questions: present and past ability (A2), could vs was able to (B1), could have and advanced forms (B2–C1), and an At work set. Prefer to check everything at the end? Switch to Exam mode.
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I swim, but I can’t dive.
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When I was five, I read.
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She (not / speak) Chinese. (present ability)
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you play the piano?
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I’m sorry, I come to your party last Saturday.
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My grandmother use a smartphone. She’s 95!
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Next year I (be able to) drive.
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He run very fast when he was young.
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I find my keys this morning.
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(you / swim) when you were a child?
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Cats see in the dark.
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I’ll help you tomorrow.
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Sorry, I hear you. The music is too loud.
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She play chess when she was four.
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We see the mountains from our hotel window yesterday.
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He (not / ride) a bike until he was ten.
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your brother cook?
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I don’t think I finish this today.
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My dog open the door by himself!
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When I lived in Rome, I (speak) Italian quite well.
Teachers: download these questions as a printable worksheet with an answer key. It’s free to use in class.
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The fire was big, but everyone escape.
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After three hours, we finally fix the car.
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Despite the traffic, I (manage) to get there on time.
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I ski when I was younger, but now I’m too old.
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The test was hard, but I answer all the questions.
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I’d love speak five languages.
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I (not / sleep) last night because of the noise.
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Since the operation, she walk without help.
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You should use a computer for this job.
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I hope I (be able to) visit you next summer.
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We looked everywhere, but we find the cat.
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I smell something burning!
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(be able to) work from home is a big advantage.
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He’s to fix almost anything.
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We book the hotel because it was full.
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I haven’t contact him all week.
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If I had more time, I (can) learn the guitar.
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The climbers reach the top before the storm.
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I’m sorry I call you yesterday.
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She read when she was three. She was a very clever child.
Teachers: download these questions as a printable worksheet with an answer key. It’s free to use in class.
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Why did you walk home? I have given you a lift!
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I have gone to the party, but I was too tired.
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I (pass) the exam if I had studied harder.
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He succeeded the contract.
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It’s important communicate clearly.
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With a bit more effort, we have finished on time.
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I’ve never (be able to) understand modern art.
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We’d love to come, but we won’t .
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Although he was injured, he finish the race.
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I (not / afford) a car until I was 30.
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He couldn’t the door because it was locked.
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I hear someone singing in the next room.
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She (win) the race if she hadn’t fallen.
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After months of practice, she was finally to play the whole piece.
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Not speak the language made life difficult.
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We have taken a taxi, but we decided to walk.
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By next year, I hope I (be able to) buy a flat.
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I’m so tired I sleep for a week!
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She’s capable doing much better work.
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The rescue team save all the passengers.
Teachers: download these questions as a printable worksheet with an answer key. It’s free to use in class.
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you speak German? We need someone for the Berlin office.
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I’m afraid I attend the meeting tomorrow.
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In my last job, I (work) from home on Fridays.
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After a long negotiation, we agree on a price.
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I open the attachment. Can you send it again?
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Candidates must (be able to) work under pressure.
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We deliver the order on time because of the strike.
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Since we hired more staff, we reply to customers faster.
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We have saved money if we had booked earlier.
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(be able to) speak English is essential for this job.
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The IT team fix the problem in ten minutes.
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I hope we meet the deadline.
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I (not / reach) the client yesterday. His phone was off.
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She’s of managing a large team.
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We have won the contract if our price had been lower.
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you send me the figures by Friday?
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Despite the problems, we (manage) to launch on time.
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I’ve never to understand our pricing system.
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When the company was smaller, everyone talk to the CEO directly.
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Without the new software, we process so many orders.
Teachers: download these questions as a printable worksheet with an answer key. It’s free to use in class.
Could or was able to?
For a general ability in the past, both work: When I was young, I could / was able to run very fast. For one specific success on one occasion, don’t use could. Use was able to or managed to:
- ✅ The fire was big, but everyone was able to escape. (not could escape)
- ✅ After three hours, we managed to fix the car.
- ✅ In the negative, couldn’t is always fine: I couldn’t find my keys this morning.
- ✅ With see, hear, smell, feel, could is fine even for one occasion: We could see the mountains.
Common mistakes
- ❌ I will can help you. → ✅ I will be able to help you.
- ❌ She cans speak French. → ✅ She can speak French.
- ❌ I haven’t could finish it. → ✅ I haven’t been able to finish it.
- ❌ He’s capable to do it. → ✅ He’s capable of doing it / He’s able to do it.
FAQ
What does “could have done” mean?
It describes something that was possible in the past but didn’t happen: I could have gone to the party, but I was too tired. It’s also used to criticise: You could have told me! (= you didn’t, and you should have).
Is “be able to” more formal than “can”?
Slightly. In the present, can is much more common in speech: I can swim sounds more natural than I’m able to swim. Be able to is common in formal writing and job ads (Candidates must be able to work under pressure) and whenever can has no form: future, perfect, after to or another modal.
Can I use “could” for requests?
Yes, Could you…? is a polite way to ask someone to do something: Could you send me the figures? For asking permission (Can I…? Could I…? May I…?), see our modal verbs of permission exercises.